ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting both adults and children. It is characterized by inattention(not being able to focus), hyperactivity (excessive movement that is disproportionate to setting)and impulsiveness (acts without thoughts). It usually become apparent at school age and symptoms can differ from boys to girls.

There are 3 types of ADHD

• Predominantly inattentive presentation
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
• Combined presentation

ADHD can last till adulthood and affect work and interpersonal relationships.

• What causes ADHD?

Although there  is no identifiable cause for ADHD yet, researchers suggest genetic contribution as there’s different genes though to play a role in its occurrence. Some researches link brain abnormalities to ADHD. Low birth weight, preterm delivery and toxins like alcohol may also contribute to ADHD. 

It’s  associated with multiple comorbidities that further complicate diagnosis and treatment. It can co-occur with developmental and learning difficulties that includes conduct disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, tics disorder, anxiety and mood disorders.

Children with ADHD further suffer from peer relationships and sleep problems.

• Management

For preschool children

The first line is  behavioral therapy . It  targets eliminating un-wanted behaviors and strengthens good organized habits. It includes family education and training and behavioral therapy with children.

           For older children and adolescents

treatment includes medications in addition to behavioral therapy. Medications will help children manage their ADHD symptoms and behaviors around family, friends and colleagues.

Management should also target any comorbidities like mood or anxiety disorders. Also a special attention shoukd be given to peer relationships and learning difficulties children might face.